Guidance for Trial Design Datasets

The purpose of Trial Design Model datasets is to represent a brief, clear description of the overall plan and design of a nonclinical study or clinical trial. In this section, the term "trial" is equivalent to "study" in the nonclinical context.

Trial Design datasets contain study-level, rather than subject-level, information. Implementation of Trial Design datasets requires the explicit statement of certain decision rules that may not be addressed or may not be as explicit in the textual description of a study plan such as an approved study protocol.

Concepts specific to the Trial Design Model are described below.

Num	Concept	Description
	Trial design	The design of a clinical trial is a plan for what will be done to subjects and what data will be collected about them, in the course of the trial, to address the trial's objectives. The design of a study is a plan outlining the activities subjects will experience and what data will be collected during the course of the study in order to address the study's objectives.
	Branch	In a study or trial with multiple arms, the protocol plans for each subject to be assigned to 1 arm. The time at which this assignment takes place is often the point at which arms with common elements diverge and is referred to as a branch point. For many studies or trials, the assignment to an arm happens once so there is a single branch point. Subjects are assigned to an arm all at the same time. For other studies or trials, there may be two or more branches that collectively assign a subject to an arm. The process that makes this assignment may be a randomization, but this is not always the case.
	Epoch	As part of the design of a study or trial, the planned periods or phases of subjects' participation are divided into epochs. Each epoch is a period of time that serves a purpose in the study or trial as a whole. Typically, the purpose of an epoch will be to expose subjects to a product, or to prepare for such a period (e.g., screening period, wash-out period) or to gather data on subjects after exposure to a product has ended. It is possible for epochs to span multiple elements for some or all study or trial arms.
	Element	An element is a basic building block in the study or trial design. All elements are related to the administration of planned interventions, which may involve exposure to a product or no exposure to a product, during a period of time. Elements for which the planned intervention does not involve exposure to a product would include but are not limited to screening and wash-out.
	Study Cell	Clinical Trials Only: Each planned path through the trial (i.e., each arm) is divided into pieces, 1 for each epoch. Each of these pieces is called a study cell. Thus, there is a study cell for each combination of arm and epoch. Each study cell represents an implementation of the purpose of its associated epoch. For an epoch whose purpose is to expose subjects to product, each study cell associated with the epoch has an associated strategy.
	Study cells and elements	Clinical Trials Only: Many trials involve a single, planned exposure within a study cell. For some trials, however, the strategy associated with a study cell involves a complex series of exposures to product. In such cases it may be important to track the component steps in a strategy operationally; analyses also might require that data be grouped by the exposure step during which it was collected. The steps within a strategy may involve different exposures to product or exposure to more than one product. When the strategy for a study cell is simple, the study cell will contain a single element, and for many purposes there is little value in distinguishing between the study cell and the element. However, when the strategy for a study cell consists of a complex series of exposures, a study cell can contain multiple elements. There may be a fixed sequence of elements, or a repeating cycle of elements, or some other complex pattern. In these cases, the distinction between a study cell and an element is very useful.
	Product	The word product may be used in connection with epochs or elements, but has somewhat different meanings in each context: Because epochs cut across arms, an epoch involving exposure to a product is a higher-level concept that does not specify anything that differs between arms. Clinical Trials Only: A study cell exposure is specific to a particular arm. For example, a parallel trial might have study cell exposures to two products, without any additional detail being specified. A study cell is at a relatively high level, the level at which exposures might be planned in an early conceptual draft of the trial, or in the title or objectives of the trial. An element may be fairly detailed and may be a short description of exposure to product.

SEND

Trial arm	A trial arm is a planned path through the study based upon a planned sequence of elements. This path covers the entire time of the study. Each sponsor-defined protocol group may contain subjects from several arms, 1 arm, or part of an arm. Each subject is assigned to 1 and only 1 planned arm.
Trial design	The design of a study is a plan outlining the activities subjects will experience and what data will be collected during the course of the study in order to address the study's objectives.
Trial group	A "group" describes the sponsor-defined protocol structure commonly used in nonclinical studies, where study subjects are allocated to study groups within the study protocol. These groups may be defined for a variety of experimental purposes. Groups are frequently defined to separate subjects receiving different treatments, but there may be other considerations involved in the design of any particular study. For purposes of SEND, a trial group is a collection of subjects which have been designated with the same sponsor-defined protocol group code. A trial group consists of 1 or more trial sets.
Trial set	A trial set is a collection of subjects that have a common set of parameters defined in the protocol, where those parameters include experimental parameters (e.g., diet restriction), treatment parameters, and/or sponsor-defined attributes (e.g., control-group designation). There should be no planned parameters of interest that could further subdivide a trial set. Each subject must be assigned to 1 and only 1 trial set. Each trial set should be assigned to a single group. Each set should be assigned to a single trial arm.
Trial summary	As part of the Trial Design datasets, trial summary provides important or key study-level information.

SDTM

Concept	Definition
Trial design	The design of a clinical trial is a plan for what will be done to subjects and what data will be collected about them, in the course of the trial, to address the trial's objectives.
Arm	An arm is a planned path through the trial. This path covers the entire time of the trial. The group of subjects assigned to a planned path is also often colloquially called an "arm." The group of subjects assigned to an arm is also often called a "treatment group"; in this sense, an arm is equivalent to a treatment group.
Visit	The notion of a visit—a clinical encounter—derives from trials with outpatients, where subjects interact with the investigator during visits to the investigator's clinical site. However, the term is used in other trials, where a trial visit may not correspond to a physical visit. For example, in a trial with inpatients, time may be subdivided into visits, even though subjects are in hospital throughout the trial. For example, data for a screening visit may be collected over the course of more than 1 physical visit. One of the main purposes of visits is the performance of assessments, but not all assessments need take place at clinic visits; some assessments may be performed by means of telephone contacts, electronic devices, or call-in systems. The protocol should specify what contacts are considered visits and how they are defined.

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Guidance for Trial Design Datasets