This is an example of a study where biomarkers were collected. All subjects participated in a baseline biomarker assessment and smokers were then switched to exclusive use of their assigned product. Subjects were directed to use their assigned product exclusively for 6 months with collection of samples for biomarker assessment at Day 1 (Visit 1, baseline), Day 90 (Visit 2) and Day 180 (Visit 3). Blood and 24 hour urine samples were collected at each visit.
Many biomarkers were measured, only a few representative biomarkers are shown below. Note, that a value derived by a central lab according to the lab's procedures is considered collected rather than derived. Sometimes these biomarkers are normalized by dividing the concentration of the biomarker of interest by the urine creatinine concentration obtained in the same urine sample. The results then may be reported as the concentration of biomarker of interest per creatinine. This normalization process is usually represented in an ADaM dataset shown below. Normalization may also be done using the total urine volume in the collected sample.
Controlled terminology was developed for the test names of the majority of biomarkers used in Tobacco studies, including biomarkers of exposure or potential harm.
The variables LBORNRLO, LBORNRHI, LBSTNRLO, LBSTNRHI, LBNRIND and LBLOBXFL are expected variables. but are typically not used in these types of studies. Hence these variables are included in the dataset but the values are null. These variables are not included below to save space.
For lab tests where the specimen is collected over time (e.g., 24-hour urine collection), the start date/time of the collection is represented in LBDTC and the end date/time of collection is represented in LBENDTC. LBDTC and LBENDTC dates are based on the specimen collection date. If the date of the assay is needed, it can be added as a non-standard variable.
Selected rows are included for illustration purposes only, in order to save space. The LOINC code, if included, should be provided by the testing laboratory. The applicant may also include the method used for testing if it is of interest.
The biomarkers were categorized using LBCAT and LBSCAT. These categories were based on the scientific classification of the type of biomarker and the associated constituent being evaluated by the biomarker test. Other categorization may be done by the applicant, based on the study design. These may include using Biomarker of Tobacco Exposure, Biomarkers of Harm or Potential Harm, Biomarkers of Compliance, etc. The LBSCAT can be used to provide the type of markers (e.g., Tobacco Alkaloid, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines) or the health impact of the biomarker (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory effects, reproductive problems, or addiction).
Total Nicotine equivalents (TNE-7) were calculated by the applicant based on the data below and represented in an ADaM dataset. Total Nicotine equivalents are the sum of nicotine, cotinine, 3-hydroxycotinine and their glucuronide conjugates. Other estimates of TNE can be used and are typically denoted using terms like TE-2, TE-3. For example TE-2 is the sum of cotinine + 3'-hydroxycotinine.
Rows 1-2:
Show the nicotine and cotinine measurements from a serum blood sample. These tests were performed at every visit but only the nicotine results at Visit 1, and the cotinine results at Visit 3 are shown.
Rows 3-4:
Urine creatinine and 24-hour urine volume are shown.
Rows 5-16:
Show various biomarkers whihc were categorizied as TOBACCO ALKALOID in LBCAT. These were obtained from a planned 24-hour urine sample. The start and end time of the urine collection are provided in LBDTC and LBENDTC. Only the results from Day 180 are shown.
Rows 17-22:
Show various biomarkers which were categorized as POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBON in LBCAT. Only results from Day 60 are shown.
The 2 rows of supplb.xpt add qualifying information to the laboratory data collected (RDOMAIN = "LB"). IDVAR defines the key variable used to link this information to the LB data (LBSEQ). IDVARVAL specifies the value of the key variable within the parent LB record to which the SUPPLB record applies. The remaining columns specify the supplemental variable names (LBNVOID and LBNMVIOD, labels, values, origin.
Row 1:
Shows the subject had 4 voids during the 24-hour urine collection.
Row 2:
Shows subject had 2 voids missed during the 24-hour urine collection.