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This example shows a Sars-CoV-2 vaccine study where the mechanism of delivery for the study vaccine antigenic component is based off of, and enabled by the viral vector technology. In this specific use-case, the transgene encoding the full-length, membrane-bound severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein is incorporated into a recombinant, replication-incompetent Human Adenovirus Type 26 (Ad26) Vector . The Sars-CoV-2 spike protein expressed by the transgene is the antigenic component of this vaccine. The "Ad26.COV2.S" study vaccine is then administered to patients. Neutralizing anti-vector antibodies (i.e. anti-Ad26 vector antibody) are closely monitored at baseline and post-study vaccine exposure visits. This is because the occurrence of the anti-vector antibodies could significantly hinder the Ad26 vector's ability to deliver the Sars-CoV-2 spike protein transgene to target cells, and consequently, either inhibits the planned vaccine therapy, or diminishes the efficacy of the study vaccine after administration.

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The example below shows a use-case of undesired, unwanted cellular immune responses toward a protein therapeutic delivered through the viral vector technology. In this case, T-cell responses to both the viral vector and the therapeutic peptide (which is translated from the transgene delivered by the viral vector), are measured before and after study treatment. The T cell responses to both the vector and the theraptucis peptide are considered as "undesired/unwanted", which are indicated by the ISCAT = VECTOR-INDUCED IMMUNOGENICITY, and ISCAT = ANTIDRUG T CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNOGENICITY.

Additionally, both anti-drug antibodies (ADA) and anti-drug T cell-mediated immunogenicity are considered as "anti-drug immunogenicity".