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Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FND)    The Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire was developed by Karl-Olov Fagerström. This instrument was modified to the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence by Todd Heatherton, et al. in 1991. The FTND is copyrighted by Taylor and Francis Ltd., but may be reproduced without permission, as available from the source reference (Heatherton, et al., 1991). 

Smoking status (self-reported and biochemically validated)